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Independent research publication focused on peptide innovation, regenerative biology, and skin science. Overview GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper) is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide first identified in human plasma in the 1970s. It plays a role in tissue remodeling, collagen synthesis, and cellular repair mechanisms. GHK-Cu has been extensively studied in dermatologic, cosmetic, and wound-healing research contexts, where it demonstrates regenerative a

Overview TB-500 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein found in most tissues and cell types. This peptide fragment was developed to study the regenerative and tissue-healing properties attributed to the parent protein. Research surrounding TB-500 has primarily focused on wound repair, angiogenesis, inflammation modulation, and cellular migration. Mechanism of Action (Research Context) Research suggests t

GLP-1 Pathway Research: Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide vs Retatrutide Educational & Research Use Only — Not Medical Advice Interest in GLP-based peptide therapies has surged in both clinical and research communities. While semaglutide remains the most widely recognized GLP-1 receptor agonist, newer dual and triple agonists — tirzepatide and retatrutide — are emerging in the metabolic research space with promising weight-reduction data. This article breaks down their mechanisms, r

Overview IGF‑1 LR3 (Insulin‑like Growth Factor 1 Long Arg3) is a synthetic analog of endogenous IGF‑1 with an extended half‑life due to modifications at the N‑terminus and a substitution of arginine at position 3. These changes significantly reduce binding to IGF binding proteins, increasing bioavailability and duration of action. IGF‑1 is a potent growth factor involved in cellular proliferation, muscle protein synthesis, and tissue regeneration. LR3 is widely studied in pre

Overview BPC‑157 (Body Protection Compound‑157) is a 15‑amino acid peptide fragment derived from a naturally occurring protein found in human gastric juice. It has been extensively studied in preclinical settings for its potential regenerative and cytoprotective properties. Research has explored its roles in angiogenesis, tissue repair, GI tract protection, and musculoskeletal recovery models. Mechanism of Action (Research Context) Preclinical evidence suggests BPC‑157 influe

Overview PT‑141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist derived from α‑MSH analog chemistry. It primarily targets MC4R (with some MC3R activity) within central neural circuits involved in sexual desire and arousal. Experimental and clinical programs have assessed outcomes in female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD/HSDD) and male erectile function research contexts. Mechanism of Action (Research Context) Through MC4R agonism in hypothalamic and limbic

Overview Melanotan II (MT‑II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of α‑melanocyte‑stimulating hormone (α‑MSH). It activates melanocortin receptors, particularly MC1R on melanocytes, to increase eumelanin synthesis. Interest has centered on pigmentation enhancement, photobiology/photoprotection, neuromodulatory effects (including appetite and sexual arousal pathways), and broad melanocortin signaling. Mechanism of Action (Research Context) By agonizing MC1R on melanocyte

Overview AOD‑9604 is a 16‑amino‑acid fragment derived from the C‑terminus of growth hormone (residues 177–191 with an added N‑terminal tyrosine). It was developed to study lipid‑metabolism pathways attributed to this region while minimizing classical growth‑hormone effects. Published work spans in‑vitro systems, animal models, and early clinical exploration focused on fat metabolism and energy balance. Mechanism of Action (Research Context) Evidence from preclinical and early