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Introduction Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide Tuftsin. Its sequence, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro, was engineered for enhanced stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improved neuromodulatory properties. Research explores Semax’s potential influence on neurotransmitter regulation, stress-response signaling, BDNF-associated pathways, immune–neural communication, and cognitive processing networks. Structural Biolo

Introduction NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a central intermediate in the NAD⁺ salvage pathway and is widely studied for its role in cellular metabolism, mitochondrial redox cycles, genomic maintenance, and energy signaling. As a precursor to NAD⁺, NMN significantly influences sirtuin activity, DNA repair processes, metabolic adaptation, and mitochondrial function. NAD⁺ Metabolism and the Salvage Pathway NMN is generated from nicotinamide via NAMPT, the rate‑limiting en

Introduction Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from the endogenous immunomodulatory peptide Tuftsin. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, was engineered for enhanced stability, resistance to enzymatic degradation, and improved neuromodulatory properties. Research explores Selank’s potential influence on neurotransmitter regulation, stress-response signaling, BDNF-associated pathways, immune–neural communication, and cognitive processing networks. Structural Bio

Introduction Epithalon (Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide with the sequence Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly, modeled after endogenous pineal peptides. Research explores its roles in telomere regulation, cellular senescence, circadian rhythm biology, mitochondrial signaling, and oxidative-stress pathways. Its small molecular structure allows broad interaction across cellular regulatory networks. Structural Biology of Epithalon Epithalon’s tetrapeptide composition—Ala, Glu, Asp, Gly—confer